![]() ![]() (Shortform note: Owens doesn’t mention the NRA’s institution of a separate and lower wage scale for Black workers. For example, power was given to unions that arbitrarily refused Black workers, and skill mandates for minimum wages kept Black workers from being hired even by companies who were willing to have them. The National Recovery Administration (NRA) enacted several policies, including a minimum wage, that effectively barred Black workers from employment. ![]() Owens explains that the enactment of a minimum wage counterintuitively hurt Black employment. His New Deal was seen as an early success: Between FDR’s first election in 1932 and his re-election in 1936, unemployment rates as a whole dropped from 24.9% to 16.9%.) (Shortform note: The 1936 election between FDR and Republican candidate Alf Landon was a landslide victory, in no small part to the 71% of Black voters who decided to vote Democrat. ![]()
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